12 Types of Language: Understanding the Variations and Nuances of Communication

Language is a vast and complex system that goes beyond the formal, standard forms we typically associate with grammar and spelling. In fact, there are many different ways to communicate, each with its own unique features, rules, and purposes. These distinct types of languages or forms of expression help define and shape cultures, social groups, and even professions. Whether you’re studying linguistics or just curious about how language evolves, understanding these 12 types of language can help you appreciate the rich diversity of human communication.

1. Argot: The Language of Secrecy

An argot is a form of language that is often developed within a specific group, primarily to conceal conversations from outsiders. Historically, this term was closely linked to criminal enterprises, but it can also refer to specialized jargon used by any group to communicate privately. Think of it as a “secret code” among friends, employees, or niche communities.

Example: Criminals using unique phrases to evade detection or specific communities using private slang.

2. Cant: Language for Exclusion

Cant is very similar to argot, but it specifically refers to a group’s use of language to exclude or deceive outsiders. It’s often used by in-groups to create a sense of exclusivity, and can often be seen as a way of hiding the real meaning from the uninitiated. It can be seen as a form of linguistic “gatekeeping.”

Example: The secretive language used by gangs or professional con artists.

3. Colloquial Language: Everyday Informality

Colloquial language refers to informal language used in casual conversation, as opposed to formal speech or writing. These terms or expressions may vary by region or community, and can sometimes be misunderstood by outsiders. Colloquialisms are often culturally specific and may include idioms, aphorisms, or slang.

Example: In the U.S., people may refer to a “carbonated beverage” as soda, pop, or coke, depending on the region.

4. Creole: The Native Language of Mixed Heritage

A creole is a fully developed language that evolves from a pidgin. While a pidgin is a simplified form of communication between groups with no common language, a creole becomes a stable, native language spoken by people of all ages. Creoles often combine elements from two or more parent languages.

Example: Haitian Creole, which blends French with West African languages.

5. Dialect: Language Variations by Region or Social Group

A dialect is a variety of language that is associated with a particular region, social group, or class. It includes differences in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and even syntax. Dialects make language richer and dynamic, reflecting the culture and history of its speakers.

Example: The difference between British English and American English, or between Southern English and New York English in the U.S.

6. Jargon: Professional or Technical Language

Jargon refers to the specialized vocabulary used within a particular profession or field. Whether it’s medicine, law, science, or tech, jargon helps professionals communicate quickly and precisely about complex topics. However, excessive jargon can be confusing to outsiders and sometimes intentionally excludes those not familiar with the terminology.

Example: Medical terms like “hypertension” or legal language like “tort law.”

7. Lingo: Language Specific to a Group

Lingo is similar to jargon, but it is more informal. It’s often used to describe the specialized vocabulary of specific groups, communities, or subcultures. While it may not be as technical as jargon, lingo is still a means for members of a community to communicate efficiently with one another.

Example: Skateboarders might use words like “ollie” or “kickflip,” while gamers use terms like “noob” or “level-up.”

8. Lingua Franca: Bridging the Language Gap

A lingua franca is a language used as a common means of communication between speakers of different native languages. This term was originally used to describe a simplified language of trade, but it now refers to any language that serves as a bridge for communication. Pidgins and creoles can also function as lingua franca when they are used for intergroup communication.

Example: English is widely regarded as a global lingua franca in international business, diplomacy, and science.

9. Patois: Nonstandard Dialects and Creoles

Patois refers to a nonstandard or informal version of a language, often used in a specific geographic region or social group. It may include elements from different languages and dialects and is commonly associated with regions where English, Spanish, or French is the dominant language but heavily mixed with local vernacular.

Example: Jamaican Patois, which blends English with West African and other Caribbean languages.

10. Pidgin: Simplified Trade Languages

A pidgin is a simplified form of a language created for communication between people who do not share a common language. Pidgins are often used for basic trade or exchange of information, and they tend to have a limited vocabulary and simplified grammar. Over time, some pidgins can develop into a creole.

Example: The language used for trade between English-speaking merchants and Chinese speakers during the 19th century was a form of pidgin.

11. Slang: Creative Language for Subcultures

Slang refers to informal, nonstandard words and expressions typically used by a particular social group, subculture, or generation. Slang often evolves quickly, with new terms constantly replacing old ones. It’s often used to show in-group membership and to create a sense of identity or solidarity.

Example: “Lit,” “fam,” and “chill” are examples of popular slang words among younger generations.

12. Vernacular: The Everyday Language of a Group

Vernacular is the everyday language spoken by ordinary people in a particular region or country. It’s the native language of a community, as opposed to the standardized or formal versions of the language. Vernacular is often distinguished from more formal, literary forms of language, such as Latin, which was used as the standard in scholarly or religious contexts.

Example: The vernacular of a region could be the local dialect spoken by residents, such as “New York English” or “Texan English.”

Conclusion

Language is far more than just a tool for communication. It’s a rich, dynamic system that evolves with society, culture, and technology. From argot and cant to vernacular and slang, these 12 types of language highlight the many ways people connect, create, and express themselves. By understanding the diverse forms of language, we can better appreciate the intricate nature of human communication and the power of words in different contexts.